Yes, but lots of brain-ache and software to do it. That's what I meant by "If you want to use a single port, you will have to employ some sort of latching mechanism with its own intelligence". and "You might be able to do something clever with latching/addressable counters "
Lets say you were to use a single 8-bit port and a 4017 counter.
1 bit is required to clock the counter, leaving 7 to drive the LEDS. That would give a display of just 70 LEDs.
To get the required 450 outputs, you would need to cascade 7 4017's. (and I don't know how you would inhibit the outputs other than wiring up 10 diodes for EACH of the 7 counters.)
You would then need to toggle just one bit of your output to increment the counter. At the same time, place the required bit pattern for the first bank of 7 LEDs on the other seven bits. Then incremant the counter again etc. etc.
You also need to get all 70 (assumes 490 outputs, nearest to 450) bit patterns out with their counter increments and do what ever other processing is required quick enough to prevent the display from flickering.
There may well be a better way by some crafty method of using a seperate external clock to present data that has been pre-loaded into a latch but not something I would like to undertake when there are custom chips available to do it all with just two IO lines required.
Don't get me wrong, I'm trying to put you off from taking on such a mammoth task if you really do want to do it the hard way, but I think you should fully get to grips with a much smaller multiplexed array first. After all, even the PICAXE itself is not much more than a few hardwired shift registers, latches and flip-flops all of which can be made from descrete gates which in turn can be made from descrete transistors. Turin did it with cogs.